Interestingly, these philosophers thought about atoms and “elements” as philosophical concepts, but apparently never considered performing experiments to test their ideas. Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements”-fire, earth, air, and water-and could be infinitely divided. In the fifth century BC, Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, a term derived from the Greek word for “indivisible.” They thought of atoms as moving particles that differed in shape and size, and which could join together. The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers, the scientists of their day. We will also introduce one of the most powerful tools for organizing chemical knowledge: the periodic table.Ītomic Theory through the Nineteenth Century The concepts of this foundation include the atomic theory, the composition and mass of an atom, the variability of the composition of isotopes, ion formation, chemical bonds in ionic and covalent compounds, the types of chemical reactions, and the naming of compounds. This chapter will lay the foundation for our study of the language of chemistry. Chemical equations provide information about the quality and quantity of the changes associated with chemical reactions. Chemical formulas depict molecules as well as the composition of compounds. Chemical symbols are used to represent atoms and elements. The language of chemistry includes its own vocabulary as well as its own form of shorthand. The language used in chemistry is seen and heard in many disciplines, ranging from medicine to engineering to forensics to art.
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